Video Analysis of Running Barefoot and with Shoes

Running is a great for fitness and weight loss, but as many runners know, it can often result in chronic injuries. Running shoe companies continually market their latest breakthroughs in lightweight footwear comfort, anti-pronation, impact reduction, and energy conservation. Grid systems, air pockets, smart chips, and step monitors all make their way into our running shoes. We all seem happy to shell out large sums of money for these shoes and to trust that the shoe company has done a proper analysis and is offering us a product that will improve our performance, reduce our chances of running injuries, or even solve our running injury problem.

This article in the UK Daily mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1170253/The-painful-truth-trainers-Are-expensive-running-shoes-waste-money.html has an extract of a new book by Christopher McDougall about running shoes and their injury prevention claims and led us to our topic today.

We decided to use video analysis to examine how running shoes affect pronation. We are going to show you how to measure rearfoot pronation using your video camera. This measure is often used in speciality running shoe stores to help customers choose the correct anti-pronation running shoes. We will show you how its done and measure the pronation of an athlete running barefoot and with trail shoes.

Pronation of the foot occurs when the arch of the foot collapses and the foot turns outward. The higher forces incurred with running can force the foot into over-pronation, which is often associated with running injuries. Supination is the opposite of pronation and occurs when the foot turns inward.

Below is some video of both the barefoot and running shoe trials. To film this properly we needed to use a treadmill. It would be very difficult to get a consistent view of the foot and leg if the athlete had been running away from us and getting further away with each step. With the subject on a treadmill we can position our camera correctly on a tripod and know that we will have a consistently good view of the foot that we need for our analysis.





You will note that the camera is set up directly behind the subject and in line with the right foot. For this analysis we will concentrate only on the right foot; we therefore made sure that we had as straight a view as possible of the right foot when it was on the treadmill (it is not important when it is in the swing through as we are measuring pronation during the foot stance).
Another important factor is running speed. we can only properly compare the pronation angle between the two videos if we ensure that the subject runs at the same speed in both videos. With a treadmill this is easy, as we can set running speed. In this case the subject is running at 6 miles per hour in each trial.

Let's look into the detail of these videos by taking some snapshots and comparing the pronation angle at each of three events. We could do a better job of examing pronation by comparing the changing angle vs time throughout the stance (foot on the ground) phase, but we want to do a simple analysis for now and the best way to do this is to pick 2 common time points. Therefore we will compare the pronation angle at first foot strike and mid stance (midway through the foot on the ground stage).

In order to do a proper comparison over various time points or events, it is always better to digitize points. Digitizing is done by identifying anatomical landmarks on the subject such as the bottom of the heel or the top of the Achilles tendon. Many expensive systems exist that use reflective markers to automatically identify points. For our comparison, we used a relatively inexpensive software called MaxTRAQ 2D, developed by our friends at Innovision Systems Inc., and manually digitized the necessary points to calculate rear foot pronation angles.

The runner running barefoot shows little difference in pronation angle between foot strike and mid stance. The measured angles are 178.6 and 178.7 degrees. A measure of 180 degrees would suggest that the foot has no pronation or supination, so 178.6 is showing 1.4 degrees supination (the opposite direction from pronation) which can be ignored. A angle higher than 180 degrees would show pronation.

We then asked our runner to put his shoes on and once again measured the pronation angle at the two stance events.

We can immediately see that our runner shows a little more supination throughout his running stance when he is wearing shoes than when he is barefoot. At foot strike his pronantion angle is 166.1 degrees or 13.9 degrees of supination. At mid stance his foot has come back into an almost neutral position showing only 4.1 degrees supination. Our runner would be considered neutral both in shoes and barefoot.

Our runner is wearing neutral shoes, meaning they do not offer support for pronation or supination. The supination of about 14 degrees seen at heel strike is also relatively small and as we cannot actually see the bottom of the runner's heel through the shoe, we may have estimated this position incorrectly and the foot could be in a different position inside the shoe (most likely closer to neutral).

If we have estimated the heel position correctly and there is slightly more supination when running in shoes, the subject's shoes appear to provide him a level of cushioning which allows him to land comfortably in a slightly unnatural position. Running barefoot can be painful and the runner therefore controls his foot using the muscles and ligaments surrounding the foot. In this way he can avoid pain and injury while running. There is no large difference in our trials though, and our runner does not pronate or supinate too much during his stance phase of running.

We are not all Abebe Bikele (the 1960 Olympic Marathon winner ran barefoot) and we believe the running shoe has more than likely prevented many more injuries than it has caused. Now that you know how to analyze rearfoot pronation, you can buy your next pair of running shoes with confidence and understanding.

If you would like more information on the software we used to digitize these running trials please email us. Also please comment on our post; we love to hear your opinions.

Using Video Analysis for Fitness Evaluations

Thus far, we've discussed the value of using video analysis in the arena of sports (after all, that IS the title of our blog). But whether an athlete is looking to play a sport at an optimal level, or someone is trying to get back into shape before stepping onto the field, many people participate in training regimens at some point. And in order to get the most out of a workout, people often turn to personal trainers. Before a trainer can design a safe, effective workout program for someone, it's important to find out the client's goals, whether they've suffered any injuries, and whether any particular muscle groups may need to be especially stretched or strengthened. This last point can be addressed by taking the client through a fitness assessment. Fitness assessments are often done before a client begins a workout regimen, and can be done throughout the following months, to keep a record of the client's progress.

In order to provide my personal training clients with progress reports containing qualitative and quantitative feedback, I film them performing various strength/flexibility exercises during the fitness assessments. I then use a biomechanics software package to highlight any area(s) I feel they may need to work on, and provide further explanations as to why I'm having them perform certain stretches or exercises in their workout routines.

Below is an example of a subject performing an overhead squat. Notice the subject has been filmed from both the front and side views, allowing us to identify any compensations he may employ during the movement.

From the front view, I added a zoom window to point out the subject's heel lifted off the ground during the movement, indicating his calves may need to be stretched. In the assessment video, I also wanted to highlight the subject's feet point outward (this is also another indicator the subject's calves may need stretching), so a "key position" was added to the report, as shown below:

And from the side view, I wanted to point out there were no major compensations (i.e., the subject's shins and torso are relatively parallel, his head remains in-line with his torso, his arms haven't fallen forward, and he is able to sit in a fairly deep squat), and showed the relevant angles to confirm this:

As you can see, the use of video in fitness evaluations allows trainers to provide their clients with a more thorough understanding of why they are being directed to perform specific stretches and exercises. And as their clients make progress over time, filming follow-up evaluations is a nice way to show them, in detail, the improvements they've made by following their workout routine, and will motivate them to continue working hard to reach their goals.

Thanks for following this blog (and thanks to my client for allowing me post his video!), and we look forward to providing you with a lot more information in the near future.

-Dennis