Why is Nadal Serving Faster at the US Open 2010?

From Rafael Nadal's first game of the US Open in 2010, there has been lots of talk about his improved serve speed. Although being the best player in the world, Rafa has never had the best serve or even one of the better serves in the game. This improved serving speed though, would put him into the same first serve speed range as Murray and Federer and make him even more threatening on hard court surfaces, the only surface on which he is not consistently dominant.

In the Wimbledon 2010 final against Tomas Berdych, Nadal had a 69% first serve percentage, averaging 115MPH, with a fastest serve at 127MPH. In his 4th round match at the 2010 US Open against Feliciano Lopez, Rafa hit 63% first serves in, averaged 118 MPH for his first serve and maxed out at 135MPH.

Although one game does not suggest a complete turn around, the stats listed above seem to be consistent for all matches that Nadal played in both Wimbledon 2010 and so far in the US Open 2010. The stats suggest that Rafa's serving percentage is a little lower in the US Open (4%), his average first serve speed is only slightly higher (3MPH) and only his fastest serve seems to be impressively different with an increase of 8 MPH.

Rumours abound as to how Nadal has improved his 1st serve speed. His coach Tony Nadal says he opened his grip more. Rafa himself says, nothing is different. John McEnroe seems to be completely flummoxed.

Looking at it this way maybe there is not much to be surprised about. Nadal has always used a lot of spin and control in his serve. This is good enough for the slower clay and grass courts and was good enough for the slower hard court of the Australian Open in 2009, but for the fast courts at Flushing Meadow, Nadal knows that a few fast serves and quick points will benefit his game more, saving his joints and energy.

Therefore we believe in everything Rafa and his uncle and coach Tony have said. He is not doing too much different except opening up his grip and attempting more flat and hard serves rather than spin. His 6'1 height and obvious strength suggest there is little reason that he cannot hit a 135MPH flat serve, if he attempts one. He may be losing a little accuracy and lowering his 1st serve percentage but if he wins the US Open 2010, it will all have been worth it.

Below is some slow motion video of Nadal serving during training. Watch the video and pause it just before he hits the ball.
Watch how his hand is gripping the racket and how the racket turns after he hits through the ball.



In the first three serves in this video Nadal hits across the ball, putting spin on his serve. We can see this by the way the racket turns after striking the ball. The last serve in the video seems to be a bit flatter and the racket turns slower and later. In all cases though the grip looks the same and fairly closed.

The video is from March 2009 and therefore probably does not show any changes that Nadal has made for the US Open 2010. It does show us that in the past Nadal has used a lot of spin and a closed grip. Flattening out his first serve on a few occasions therefore is the most likely explanation of his increased first serve speed at the US Open.

Federer Serves His Way Towards the US Open

Last week, Roger Federer won the Western & Southern Financial Group Masters tournament for the third time. Only Mats Wilander, Andre Agassi, and Pete Sampras have done the same (Wilander actually won it four times). This tournament is part of a series of tournaments leading up to the US Open, and the players use it as an opportunity to reacquaint themselves to the hardcourt surface. After having been in a bit of a slump, partly due to injuries and a formidable opponent by the name of Rafael Nadal, Federer appears to have returned to winning form as of late, and is once again considered a favorite in the upcoming US Open.

Although Federer's serve is quite respectable in terms of speed (averaging around 120 mph for his first serve), it is his ability to disguise the spin and direction that make it extremely effective. As Federer has demonstrated, blistering serves can be returned consistently if the returner can anticipate where the ball will be hit. By keeping his opponents from being able to easily read his serve, adjusting the pace only increases Federer's effectiveness.

One of the main ways Federer is able to disguise his serves is with a consistent toss. As is true with most sports, keeping your eyes on the ball throughout a point/play is one of the basic concepts that helps you play well; tennis is no different, and a server can give away a lot of information about the type of serve he will hit by significantly moving his toss around. By tossing the ball in the same location, and instead adjusting his swing path to direct the ball and apply various spins, Federer gives his opponents just a fraction less time to anticipate where the ball will go; and at 120 mph, that lost time can make a big difference whether the serve is returned successfully.

Of course, just knowing your serve's effectiveness can be improved by having a consistent toss is only half the battle; having the ability to do this and make minor adjustments to your swing path/grip (not to mention having perfect timing) are just some of the skills that separate us amateurs and weekend warriors from the pros. Below is a slow-motion video of one of Federer's serves at Wimbledon. Enjoy, and learn what you can from perhaps the greatest tennis player of all time (to this date, anyway - keep practicing kids!).

Andy Murray's Tennis Serve

Last week, Rafael Nadal won the 2009 BNP Paribas Tennis Tournament at Indian Wells, California, defeating Andy Murray easily in the final.

As we watched the tournament, we heard frequent discussions of Murray's second serve, and that if he could develop a better second serve he would be almost unstoppable. Of course, he was almost unstoppable at Indian Wells, but did lose badly in the final, mostly because of poor serving. In that final match against Nadal, he lost his service games four times and won only 6 of 16 (38%) of his 2nd serve points. Let's take nothing away from Nadal though; he has the best return game in tennis, possibly the best ever.

All tennis players, including beginners, know the importance of the serve. A good serve can result in easy points and puts pressure on an opponent. The first and second serves in tennis usually have different goals. With your first serve, you want to win the point with an ace, service winner, or at least put your opponent in a defensive position for the next shot. The first serve is generally flat and fast, and you can take more risk, knowing you have an attempt at a 2nd serve if you need it. The second serve is your backup safety. Your priority is to get the second serve in and start the point. If you miss the second serve, you will double fault and give your opponent a free point. Most tennis players put a lot more spin on the second serve, but this tends to reduce the speed of the serve.

Because of the slower pace, the second serve often gives the receiver plenty of time to get into position to hit an aggressive return. However, if you can make your second serve look similar to your first serve, at least in terms of the service motion, you can make it difficult for the receiver to predict the speed (and type of spin) of the serve, and you may retain a significant advantage, even as you serve slower and with more control.


We found some video of Andy Murray's first serve and decided to look at it from a biomechanics point of view. This video is set up very well for video analysis. The camera is set up along the baseline, which allows us to get a side-on view of Andy during his serve. We can also see the complete service motion in the video, including the racquet head, and can see the racquet make contact with the ball. It would have been great if we could've seen the complete ball toss (the ball goes out of the top of the screen) and if the camera had been stable and mounted on a tripod; but in general, this is good video sports analysis footage.



The power in the tennis serve, like many throwing or hitting sports (baseball hitting and pitching, football throw, and golf) is created by a chain of events. Each part of the body loads up with energy and transfers its energy to the next link in the chain. The timing of this energy transfer is critical to creating racquet head speed and therefore a good, fast serve.

In Andy's serve, we see how he starts with his knee bend as he throws the ball up. You may also notice that as he bends his knees his hips turn away from the court. He then transfers this energy now stored in his hips by bringing his back foot up to his front foot and rotating his hips into the court. Once again notice that as he rotates his hips back into the court, his shoulders now rotate away. This counter rotation in both hips and then shoulders creates the potential for racket head speed; Andy is coiled up and ready to explode his racket toward the ball.

As he does this, he releases the potential energy, rotates his shoulders back into the court, and throws his racket at the ball. All these energy transfers add up to create the speed with which he will hit his serve. If his timing is off, his speed will not be as high.

The ball toss is, of course, just as important. If you do not throw the ball consistently, it will be very diffcult to perfect the timing of your kinetic chain (described above). Andy's ball toss is high and a falls about a foot inside the court. If you want to hit a good hard serve, the ball needs to be in front of you, so that your body and racquet are moving forward when the ball is struck. If the ball toss is directly above your head, it is much more difficult to get theball moving forward with as much pace.

Ok, so Andy has a great first serve, and we can see that here. It is his second serve that the commentators were discussing. Unfortunately, we were unable to find any good footage of his second serve to compare it to his first serve. We are sure his coach is working hard on improving his kinetic chain sequence and timing to make it more difficult for his opponents to read his second serve.

Please post comments and let us know what you think, or whether you have any questions or suggestions. We would be delighted to hear from you.